Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was known as Missile Man who successfully led the "Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (lGMDP), which was undertaken in 1982 by DRD0. Under the IGMDP five world class missiles were developed viz. Prithvi, Akash, Trishul, Nag and Agni. After the successful development of these Indian missiles DRDO got technological foundation and full confidence to develop missiles to meet the current challenges. On 27 Mar 2019, it precisely shot down the "Micro Sat-R" satellite in the orbit at altitude of 300 km which was revolving around the earth with very high speed in the order of 7 to 10 km/s. named as "Mission SHAKTI", and now India became the fourth country in the world to have this type of technology and showed the space power to the world.
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam started multiple projects simultaneously to develop the following types of missiles.
1. Short Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Prithvi’
2. Long Range Surface to Surface Missile (SSM) ‘Agni’
3. Medium Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Akash’
4. Short Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) ‘Trishul’
5. Anti-tank Guided Missile (ATGM) ‘Nag’
Every missile is of a different class and its roles are varied, its size, shape propulsions system, guidance system, flight and control Systems all are different and all are simultaneously being developed in the period from 1982 to 1997.
Every missile is of a different class and its roles are varied, its size, shape propulsions system, guidance system, flight and control Systems all are different and all are simultaneously being developed in the period from 1982 to 1997.
A missile can be defined as a weapon system which is an unmanned flying vehicle carrying a warhead to destroy the target having its own intelligence and guidance system inbuilt and has control over a flight system to follow a specific path to intercept the target, may be driven by a propulsion system to required speed and location.
Thus, a missile configuration is designed in such a way that the following technologies are required to be implemented effectively to give/achieve optimum results.
1. Air frame with stabilization system
2. Propulsion technology
3. Guidance technology
4. Fight Control technology
5. Warhead technology
The general construction of the missile is given below:
1. Air Frame with Stabilization Unit:
Air frame of a missile is a main part which provides a Strong support to all components, subassemblies and various assemblies from initiation point to target interception point during flight and provides required stiffness to withstand all aerodynamic forces exerted on it. Air frame should be light in weight. The stabilization unit is attached to the rear side with fins which provides center of pressure (CP point) in such a way that it always maintains the position from a point of center of gravity i.e. (CG point) such that missile is always in a stable condition during fight. At the nose portion a redone of ogive shape was provided so that head drag should be as minimum as possible during flight. It will also provide safety cover to seekers placed inside to keep the eye on the target.
2. Propulsion Technology:
For a missile to take up pounce upward the energy will be provided by propulsion technology. The chemical energy stored in the materials called fuels when reacts chemically in milliseconds with the oxidizing agent / oxygen, enormous energy will get released in the form of heat acting on high pressure and high temperature gases generated. These propellant gases were directed to exit path from the rear side of a missile through nozzle. These gases will escape from the rear nozzle with supersonic speed and in turn pushes the missile upward in opposite direction of the plume. As we have studied the Newton's third law “every action has equal and opposite reaction” the missile will be flown toward target and the power was given by propulsion system. For missile to travel from launcher to target there are two phases of propulsion system. During, the start the initial thrust required is very high, hence, generally bigger missiles or tactical missiles have 'booster motors' to boost in initial phase. After achieving sufficient height and speed boosters gets consumed and will be detached from the missile which were discarded, and the missile taken forward by a 'Sustainer Motor' which will continue till the interception with the target. During boost phase propulsion system provides a high level of missile acceleration over short period of time. There after the purpose of sustainer is to maintain the missile at a desired velocity for majority of the remaining missile flight. Whether to use all boost-sustain or all sustain propulsion system may be selected as per requirements and type of missile.
Booster motors are typically a solid propellant motor and sustainer will be of solid propellant or liquid or a jet engine. In modern days some new missiles are using ramjet rockets or scramjet rockets for propulsion. In all the cases, required oxygen to fully burn the fuel, is built in and not depending on atmospheric oxygen.
3. Guidance Technology:
This is considered as a brain of the missile, a very important contribution to missile performance. This system provides steering commands to fly to a successful interception of the target. To accomplish the task, guidance system needs to perform seeker stabilization, large acquisition, tracking and steering signals generation.
The sensors mounted in gimbal system attached to a missile body to isolate errors due to body motion. These are using closed loop control system. Sensor motion is sensed by rate gyroscope used to generate feedback to compensate for the body motion. The steering commands are generated through guidance law which uses information available from sensor signal processor such as line-of-sight (LOS), rate, closing velocity etc. Steering commands generated by the guidance system are fed to the lateral autopilots.
4. Flight Control Technology:
Function of flight control system is to provide stable, controlled and responsive flight of missile, which is achieved by controlling air frame motions using roll, pitch and yaw autopilots. These are automatic feedback control systems, by controlling the motions through control surfaces like wings, tail, fins and canards.
5. Warhead technology:
Warhead is the bomb connected to a guided rocket to destroy enemy targets. It is a payload of missile and consists of shell, explosives and detonators. Weight depends on type of target to be destroyed and size of missile. Fuse pulse activate the detonator which triggers the detonation of explosive main charge giving total destruction of target by providing blats, fragmentation or effects as desired to customize end effect at target end e.g., continuous rod warhead, annular blast fragmentation warhead, selectively amiable and directional energy warhead.
India had varied kind of indigenously developed missiles having various roles, ranges, application etc. which are listed below.
1) Prithvi Missile Series
A) Prithvi 1 (P-1), SS-150, SRBM class, using single stage motor, 150 km range using 1,000 kg warhead to destroy area targets made for Army.
B) Prithvi 2 (P-2), SS-250, SRBM class, using two stage rocket motors ranging from 250-350 km having 500-1000 kg warheads for Army and Air force.
C) Prithvi 3 (P-3), SRBM called SS-350, Two stage rocket motor used, having maximum range of 350 to 600 km and carry 250 kg - 500 kg Warhead made for Army, Navy and Air force.
All the above three versions of Prithvi i.e. P1, P2 & P3 were developed as short range ballistic missile (SRBM) which classed in surface to surface category. Till date seven successful Dhanush which is a stabilized platform to fire Prithvi-2 or P-3 missile from a warship, against other ship target or land target.
2) Agni Missile Series
The Agni missile series started as only technology demonstrator project of re-entry vehicle, however, on success Agni 1 (A-1), Agni-2 (A-2) and Agni-3 (A-3) were successfully developed for long ranges as MRBM and IRBM in IGMDP. This development finally leads to ICBM after the official closure of IGMDP in 2008. The details of Agni series are given in the following table. Agni-V achieved a minimum range of 5,500 km and India entered in a club of ICBM.
Agni-v is developed with MIRV warhead. Agni can be deployed with Conventional warhead also with 15 KT to 250 KT nuclear warheads. These missiles are having road mobility. Unofficial sources are claiming that India is developing A-6(Agni-6) missile & Surya missile aiming to have 8,000 to 12,000 km range. However it is not supported by official statement.
Shourya missile is also SRBM Capable of hypersonic Speeds having range of 600 km capable of carrying one conventional or nuclear bomb. (War Head)
BrahMos is a fastest cruise missile in the world. It was jointly developed with Russia. Land attack and Anti-ship versions of BrahMos Missiles are already in production and inducted in Indian Army and Indian Navy. Whereas Air-launched as well as sub-marine launched variants are being developed or under testing, the speed of BrahMos missile is Mach 3 (Three times the speed of sound in air) super-sonic cruise missile very deadly on the target destruction. 7 Mach speed version development work was initiated and being pursued.
Long Range subsonic cruise missile 'Nirbhay' twice tested successfully, and at able to fly 0.6 Mach Speed.
‘Prahaar' missile is developed with solid fueled rocket motor, surface-to-surface short range tactical ballistic missile equipped with Omni directional warheads. Prahaar can attack and hitting both tactical and strategic targets.
'Astra' is developed for Indian air force and can be mounted on any fighter Aircraft and from there itself it can be fired on any aerial target beyond visual range, therefore, this missile is called 'Astra-BVRAAM’ i.e., Astra, beyond visual range air to air missile.
Nag missile was developed as a part of IGMDP. It is a third generation 'fire and forget anti-tank missile. The capacity of 'Nag missile' is to destroy any kind of latest tank. Nag missile has "top attack'" feature and NAG missile carrier i. e. 'NAMICA' is developed a tracked vehicle for mobility. Nag is 'fire and forget' type of missile already inducted the Indian Army.
HELINA is a helicopter mounted Nag missile and is a variant of Nag missile to be launched from Helicopter. Structurally it is different from Nag Missile however technologically it is the same.
DRDO is developing certain new technologies and has undertaken a Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator vehicle HSTDV project aimed demonstrating autonomous flight of a scramjet integrated vehicle using ethylene. Recently it had a very successful design trial.
Also, recently DRDO have successfully conducted the missile SMART. SMART is a canister based; long range anti-submarine missile made for Indian Navy. Which is a short form of Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo. The SMART missile can be fired from seashore or from warship, which will carry the Torpedo with supersonic velocity in air to travel maximum distance and it will separate the shield, reduce the velocity by VRM mechanism, and release the Torpedo near the target in water, then Torpedo will hit the enemy submarine to kill i.e. destroy without giving time to enemy to respond.
Another latest missile successfully tested is RUDRAM, which is a New Generation Anti-Radiation Missile (NGARM). This missile is an air to surface (ASM) anti-radiation missile, made up for suppression of enemy air defences (SEAD), can be launched from a range of altitudes with large standoff distance for destroying enemy surveillance radars, tracking and communication systems. This will detect and home in on an enemy radio emission source.
'Akash' missile is a medium range mobile surface to air missile (SAM) defence system developed which can target aircraft or low flying missile up to 30 km away at an altitude up to 18 km. It is in services from 1990's and now it is handled by Army as well as Air force. Rs. 23,000 crores order placed for equipping few regiments with Akash Missile. This has a capacity to intercept the target in Air working in conjunction with indigenously developed ‘Rajendra' Radar System. 'Akash' is very effectively deployed for Air Defence. It will be providing India with “Hawai Suraksha Kavach”.
Trishul missile was also a surface-to-Air missile developed as a part of IGMDP for short range quick reaction purpose. Trishul is continued further as new 'QRSAM' being developed.
K-Missile series unofficial sources stated that India have developed series of K-Missiles under secret project. These missiles were named after the father of Indian missiles Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. Under K-missile series of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) developed by DRDO to boost its second-strike capabilities to augment its nuclear deterrence. Information is kept mostly classified. K-missiles have Launch Platform of Arihant Submarine class. K-missiles are faster, lighter and stealthier than Agni Missiles. K-15 missiles having range of 750-1500 km been introduced in service and is under production at BDL Hyderabad.
Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme (BMD program):
DRDO have been working on this BMD program to provide 'Aerial Surakhsha Kavach' against any incoming aerial threat of Ballistic Missiles. It is thought of to have multi-layer defence system. New two types of interceptor missiles are being developed as below.
i) Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) - for exo-atmospheric interceptor capable of engaging 300 km to 2000 km class of ballistic missiles at a speed of Mach 5 at an altitude of 80 km. PAD Missile is named as Pradyumna Ballistic Interceptor.
ii) Advanced Air Defense (AAD): The AAD missile is named as Ashwin Ballistic missile interceptor. Ashwin operates at endo-atmosphere at an altitude of 20-40 kilometers.
Anti-Satellite Missile (A-SAT): India has become a space power and emerged as a fourth country in the world when India successfully tested 'Mission Shakti' on 27 Mar 2019. To safeguard India's space assets and to provide credible deterrence against threats to our growing space assets and missions like Chandrayan-1, Chandrayan-2, Mangalyan on Mars Orbit Mission (MOM), Gaganyan for man in space mission etc.
By carrying out A-SAT missile test using an interceptor missile i.e kinetic kill vehicle to nutralise the target satellite Microsat-R, which was launched in January 2019 by ISRO in a Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of around 300 km. The A-SAT missile was launched from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam island which was earlier known as wheeler island in Odisha. DRDO shown by bringing down by actual hitting target as live satellite orbiting the earth at 300 km an attitude. The mission was successfully completed within 3 minutes. DRDO has acquired the technical capabilities required for an extremely high degree of precision to intercept fast moving target, orbiting satellite with very high velocity in the order of 8-10 km/s. The low orbit was chosen to ensure the automatic decay of the debris in space within a few weeks’ time. The test under Mission Shakti demonstrated the nation's capability to defend its assets in outer space and is shows the strength to safeguard India's space programme which is a back bone of India's security, economic and social infrastructure.
At the end of this article to summaries the development of Indian guided missiles, it is seen that in the last four decades India took a gigantic leap in this field of Defense and space, especially in Missiles. This put all Indians on new heights in the world. Also in the field of atomic energy and nuclear weapons another land mark was set in 1998 by successfully conducting five nuclear tests. Considering the assets and technologies we have -
1. Atom Bombs like thermonuclear fission and thermonuclear fusion technologies with sub kiloton Yield.
2. All variety of Ballistic Missiles, SLBM, Air to Air Missiles etc.
3. BMD programme, Suraksha kavach.
4. ASAT Missile programme.
5. Strategic as well as tactical missiles
6. Supersonic and world's fastest cruise Anti-ship and land attack missile Brahmos.
7. SMART, and Rudram Missiles.
The development of latest and most modern varied missile technologies, which is based on strong foundation laid by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, is possible with consistent and tireless efforts of DRDO, which has helped to put our country “Bharat Mata as a Vishwa Guru”.
