Abstract :Human trafficking a crucial non-traditional organised crime, which has been remarkably on the rise for the last decades. With increasing global and security concerns, human trafficking has aroused many actors at international and state level to play vital role in curbing this crime. This crime comes at an incalculable human cost and represents one of the most shameful facts of the modern world. Virtually none of the country in the world is unaffected by the crime of human trafficking. Trafficking has become the third most profitable illegal activity after illegal drugs and weapons dealing. It is estimated that half of these numbers come from South Asia. Within South Asia, India is identified as a major country of origin destination and transit country for trafficking of persons. Across the Eastern part of India, Bangladesh is one of the most prominent state for cross-border human trafficking. Human trafficking is nowadays perceived as a grave human rights abuse and a serious transnational crime requiring an integrated coordinated and proactive human security and national security approach. Trafficking, the darkest episode of population mobility has been widely considered as a major state security and human security challenges. It has been used to denote a wide range of human rights abuses and crimes that combine the recruitment, movement, and scale of people into an exploitative condition. It violates the freedom of a person and it is against human rights. Mainly victims are exploited in the forms of exploitation which involves forced commercial sex and labours, including domestic servitude, victims are also trafficked for the purposes of forced marriages, organ removal, and ritual killings.

Key Words: Trafficking, Human Security, National Security

Introduction

̳Trafficking of human beings is not entirely a new phenomenon. However, over the yearsit has emerged as one of the fastest growing and severe forms of transnational organised crimearound the world. The Global Slavery Index estimates that approximately 45.8 million people aresubject to some form of modern slavery in across 167 countries today.

The global problem of human trafficking affects the whole world in a matrix of origin, transit, and destination country, the international relation between countries, their economy, and their security. The growing concern about violence against trafficked victim worldwide has put trafficking on the international agenda, and its direct connection with the sex industry, bonded, and exploitative labour, HIV/AIDS and other several forms of human rights violation has added urgency to global anti-human trafficking efforts. Asian countries are seen as the most vulnerable region for human trafficking because of its vast population pyramid, growth urbanisation, and ever-present poverty. The crime of human trafficking, in particular, is considered as the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world after drugs and arms, which generates above $32 billion per year.

During past few years, trafficking of human beings has become a significant concern in the international relations. Primary reason behind this new concern can be located at the world is getting more globalised where the flow of goods and individuals are getting more rapid. Therefore, the movement of traffickers is an indication of new complex social issues. It has always been part of the global socio-economic and security challenges to mankind, the phenomenon of trafficking in not exclusive to any country and or region. Consequently, the increasing trends of human trafficking in recent time have attracted widespread attention from governmental, regional, and global bodies as well as academic researchers and Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs).

The process of human trafficking has always been described as the perfect crime, as the profits are competitively huge and continuing risks of apprehension are extremely low, and the prosecutions for this crime are extremely rare. Most of the time, it has been noticed that these trafficked persons usually come from the areas where economic and social difficulties make migration a popular choice.

Bangladesh is also a source and transit country for trafficking in men, women as well as children, both girls and boys. Women and children are trafficked for sexual exploitation to other countries. When India is used as a transit country, victims are sold as prostitutes to the Middle Eastern Countries like Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, UAE (Dubai), Kuwait, etc., and as maids to Europe and USA. However, when India is the destination country, boys are mainly trafficked to provide slave labour in the field of agriculture, brick manufacturing, circus shows and begging, and girls and women are mainly used for slave labour as housemaids and prostitutes.[1]

Among several severe aspects of human trafficking yet to be sufficiently examined is the link between trafficking and the crime-security nexus. There are considerable gaps and limitations exist in the knowledge and understanding of whether human trafficking constitutes an existential threat to the state, individual, society, region, and the international system or form a typical law and order issues. When we hear the term human trafficking, we often think of a movement that people are being trafficked or moved around, feasibly even from one country to another. However, this may not be necessarily the case. In some cases, trafficking of human beings does not refer whatsoever to geographical location. People can be trafficked in their hometown.

From time to time the whole world; its nations, and its people and environment, all face newer threats and challenges. Consequently, apart from the traditional notions of security challenges, ―trafficking of human beings‖ has become one of the non-traditional security issues in the recent scenario, generally because of unparalleled scales of this phenomenon. Human trafficking as a growing form of transnational organised crime poses a serious threat to the entire state community as well as to the individuals at the national and international arena.

In today‘s world, the term national security has been viewed as flexible, includes various emerging security issues, such as energy security, environmental security, and even President Clinton‘s board perception of security for ―our people, our territory and our way of life,‖[2] a concept that comes closer to the notion of human security.[3]

In the year 1994, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) released the ―Human Development Report‖ that, among other things, focused on a new dimension of security ―human security‖.[4] The idea of human security was to understand to the people more rather than the entity of the nation-state. According to the UNDP, six major threat were identified such as; unchecked population growth, disparities in economic opportunities, excessive international migration, environmental degradation, drug production and trafficking, and international terrorism. These threats transcend national border and pose challenges to our global human security, it also clearly prejudices the security of any nation-state. In modern days, human trafficking a form of human slavery is at the intersection of all the discussed threats, as such threats are the push and pull factors for human trafficking or because human trafficking creates fertile ground for augmenting some of these threats.[5] The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) also states that trafficking is a wicked crime against humanity. The crime involves an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring, or receiving a person through the use of force, coercion, and other means for their exploitation.[6]

Therefore, the present paper focuses on the scope and magnitude of human trafficking in India. It will focus on the trafficking issues from Bangladesh to Indian territory. The article also seeks to observe the core of both trafficking in persons and security offering a preliminary understanding the interconnection between the two concepts which is indeed a precondition of the more thorough contemplation of this security problem. Hence, the paper gives an attempt to analyse human trafficking as a security issue for both individual and state.

Defining Human Trafficking

Generally, human trafficking can be described as a crime that exploits children, women, and men for a number of purposes, including sex and forced labour. However, traditionally, trafficking word was used to describe kidnapping and enslavement of workers usually women and girls in the commercial sex industry. Recent developments have adopted much broader definitions of the term addressing both working conditions as well as how a person is recruited or treated at a subsequent stage.

According to the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person, Especially Woman and Children (Palermo Protocol), human trafficking is defined as “Trafficking in Persons‟ shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”.[7]

This broad definition of human trafficking determined the goals and parameters upon which nations can fight this crime. On the basis of ratified definition, it can be argued that crime of human trafficking involve the transportation of individuals usually children, male and female alike, under deceptive circumstances for their own profit either internally or across the border. The three most important things in all these accepted definitions are the description of the act of trafficking, the different ways of the trafficking and the purpose of exploitation.

Prior to this there were no generally accepted definitions of human trafficking. From the literature, different definitions of the concept are noticeable as well as the employment of terms such as ―trafficking in persons‖[8], ―human trade‖[9], ―human smuggling‖[10], kidnapping and ―modern-day slavery‖[11], synonymously with human trafficking.

In context of South Asia, the regional level has also defined human trafficking as “the moving, selling or buying of women and children for prostitution within and outside a country for monetary or other considerations with or without the consent of the person subjected to the trafficking”.[12]

Human Trafficking Statistics

Human trafficking has become a serious transnational threat, which threatens the security of not only the individual victim‘s bit entire communities as well. Moreover, being as a totally illegal process; it is quite difficult to assume and assess a precise number of trafficking cases. Very little information is available on the scale of trafficking, how it works, and the most effective means to eradicate it. Different countries and organisations, however, have published varying statistics related to human trafficking cases. According to a recent report in 2017 it has been estimated that there are approximately 20 to 30 million trafficked victims across the world.[13] However, according to the United States Department of State in the year 2010, it was estimated that around 0.8 to 0.9 million people are trafficked each year internationally, with up to 80 percent women and fifty percent minor.[14] While understanding the most common reasons for human trafficking, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimated that most of the victims are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation with highest 43 percent of trafficking in which around 32 percent are trafficked for forced labour and remaining 25 percent are trafficked for a mixture of both or other reasons.[15] Trafficking of human beings occurs nationally as well regionally, or it may happen from one continent to another. Today it can be assumed that no country is untouched by human trafficking. Every continent of the world is now involved, even a small and isolated country Island with only 250 million populations have human trafficking cases.[16]

South Asia, with India at its centre, is one of the fastest growing regions for human trafficking in the world. Thousands of people including women and children from deprived societies are lured to India‘s towns and cities and even to abroad by traffickers.[17] According to the Ministry of Women and Children Development (MWCD) report to the parliament revealed that 19,223 women and children were trafficked in the year 2016 against 15,448 in 2015 with the highest numbers of victim recorded in the Eastern State of West Bengal.[18] Within South Asian countries India and Pakistan serve as the major destination points for children and women trafficking from Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, the major countries of origin in South Central Asia.[19] Among that, India is simultaneously playing an important role as a country of origin as well as a destination for trafficking. Kolkata, Bihar, Mumbai, and some of the North-eastern parts are the major transit points in India for trafficking in human beings.[20] Trafficking in India is indeed severe. The country is recognised in the Tier-II[21] watch list having one of the lowest rankings in trafficking in person report by the U.S. Department of State.[22] India is not only the leading country for trafficking, but it has been largely identified as the source and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking. The U.S. report also mentions in report that within the country forced labour constitute largest trafficking problem; where men, women, and children in debt bondage-sometimes inherited from previous generations are forced to work in brick kilns, rice mills, agriculture, and embroidery factories, constructions sites, steel and textile industries, biscuit factories, pickling, floriculture, fish farms, and shipbreaking.[23]

At India-Bangladesh and India-Nepal border the process of illegal migration, trafficking and smuggling of people are widespread. It has been noticed that more than 5 to 15 million girls and women are smuggled and trafficked every year from Bangladesh to India and to the Middle East.[24] According to the state police estimations, more than 15 million children and women are taken out of Bangladesh every year, and the NGOs says in between 160 million to 250 million girls and women from Bangladesh and Nepal are forced to work in India‘s brothels.[25]

Nature and Extent of Human Trafficking in India

Based on the activities involved, trafficking of human beings can be classified as trafficking for sexual exploitation, trafficking for labour exploitation, and trafficking for other types of exploitation. However, the primary purpose of human trafficking is for sexual exploitation of victim (OSCE 2008). It could be male and female, though as per Asian scenario and demand of market more women and girls are subjected to sexual exploitation. Sexual exploitation can be categorised into two categories; firstly brothel-based sexual exploitation, in which victims are placed in a fixed situated location, usually referred as red-light area. Secondly, non-brothel sexual exploitation of victims takes place usually under some certain activities such as in massage parlours, bear bars, friendship clubs, tourist‘s circuit, beauty parlours etc. Human trafficking for labour exploitation could be of different types. Victims may be exploited for industrial labour, domestic labour, labour in entertainment industries like a circus, camel racing, child labour mainly to work in factories, brick kilns or even for temporary housing construction sites etc. in an organised sector or may be in the unorganised sector. During these types of exploitation, there may be possibilities of sexual exploitation, mental torture, and emotional exploitation of victims.

Internal Trafficking

According to the report published by U.S. Department of States, in the year 2010, approximately 2,612 cases were accounted of the bonded labour of adults and children in the nine Northern States of India including entire villages subjected to debt bondage in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in handmade carpet sector.[26]

It was noted that around seven districts of West Bengal, sixteen districts of Andhra Pradesh, 24 districts of Bihar, sixteen districts of Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, New Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh are the most prominent supply States for human trafficking. The most significant buyers of minors include Maharashtra and West Bengal. Main destinations were located in Gujarat, Haryana Maharashtra (Mumbai), New Delhi, Punjab, and West Bengal (Kolkata). Moreover, the cities like Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, and New Delhi have the most extensive concentration of prostitutes.[27]

Followed by West Bengal State, Andhra Pradesh has also assumed an alarming proportion for highly prone source areas in India. Within the State, data indicates that nearly 50 percent of the victim belong to the Schedule Caste (SC) an up to 30 percent belong to Other Backward Castes (OBC).[28] Chhattisgarh was among top five States in the country for the trafficking of girls. The former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh Shri Raman Singh stated that over 20,000 girls from the tribal region had been sold by human traffickers in cities like Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, and Mumbai. These girls mainly belonged to the Jashpur, Raigarh and Surguja districts, and were trafficked by giving them false promise of jobs and training.[29] It was reported in Karnataka that hild and women trafficking was on the increase for five years in 2012. According to government child and women trafficking was on the increase for five years in 2012. According to government data, a total of 3,234 such offences related to human trafficking were reported during the period.[30] Children trafficked from Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh is found to be working in Bt. Cotton field of Rajasthan. After the State government initiated a child tracking system to trace missing children a large number of the child were trafficked to the State of Gujarat to work in Bt. Cotton field and agricultural land.[31] The West Bengal State including all border districts are vulnerable to human trafficking. Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Malda, North 24 Parganas, and South 24 Parganas are trafficking prone district. These districts have an international border with Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal and have reported rampant trafficking from the tribal areas, tea States, and border areas. In the year 2011, around 14,000 adults and children were found missing from West Bengal; it was accepted that people were 117 victimised under colossal trafficking trade.[32]

External Trafficking

India has common borders with Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Pakistan, and Nepal. Bangladesh and Nepal act as sending countries or the counties of origin for victims of human trafficking; whereas Pakistan is a country of destination as well transit. In few decades it was noticed an increase of at trafficking of women and children alongside an increase in illegal and undocumented migration within the region.[33]

India shares a long boundary with Bangladesh, of which large part is under the peculiar terrain. India has 20 official checkpoints manned by the BSF with Bangladesh.[34] In a study report NCPCR in 2016, it was found that marginalised people are trafficked from different district of Bangladesh and are brought to the West Bengal.[35] Among them, several were lured with the fake promise of jobs in India. However, once both the victims and traffickers cross the border, girls find her in a brothel in the new country or sold sometime to a stranger. 38 girls were rescued trafficked girls from brothels in West Bengal, in which 12 girls were from Bangladesh.[36]

West Bengal is the hub for internal and cross-border human trafficking in India. According to a government report, it is estimated that maximum number, so crossborder trafficking of human beings is held across India-Bangladesh border. Data released by the Shri Hansram Gangaram Ahir, Minister of the State in MHA during Lok Sabha session, during 2016, total 1,287 people including women and children have been apprehended by BSF across the Eastern border and 15 people across the Western 118 border. Which were 1,749 from the Eastern border and 13 from the Western border in 2015, and 839 across the Eastern border and two from the Western border in 2014.[37] According to a Shri R.P.N. Singh the Minister of State in MHA in the year 2013, there was the total number of 3,880 apprehensions across India-Bangladesh border and 429 apprehensions across India-Pakistan border by BSF from the year 2010 to 28th February 2013.[38] Moreover, India faced an additional concern of cross-border trafficking of Bengalis and Rohingya refugees across Bangladesh border.[39]

Bangladesh Chapter

Along the India-Bangladesh border that runs through India‘s Eastern states, is the fertile land for trafficking in human beings. As India and Bangladesh share the fifth longest international boundary in the world, and the first longest boundary in India. the total boundary line covers nearly 4,096.7 km, and with 30 district son India side. It covers Assam (263 km), Meghalaya (443 km), Mizoram (318 km), Tripura (856 km), and West Bengal (2,216.7 km).[40] Out of this a total of 3,286.87 km or around 60 percent of the border is fenced. The area across an international border is a mix of topographic features those are making the border extremely porous. It runs through rivers, ponds, agriculture fields, villages, and even houses where the entrance is in India and the backdoor is in Bangladesh. Therefore, because of difficult terrain it is even difficult for the security forces to patrol the whole area. Due to lack of proper patrolling and geographical difficulties, consequently criminal groups misuse these porous stretches along the border.

Bangladesh has been reported over the past five years primarily as a source and to a lesser extent, a transit and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking. It has been noticed that some Bangladeshi men and women who have migrated willingly to work in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the United States find themselves as bonded labour after their arrival.[41]

Bangladesh is one of the vital source countries for human trafficking. Every year thousands of people are trafficked out from Bangladesh illegally, among the trafficked victims it has been found that women and children are at the most vulnerable situation. A study reveals that each month approximately 400 women and children are trafficked to India.[42]

In Bangladesh, trafficking of human beings is one of the most money-making forms of illegitimate enterprise. Particularly in Bangladesh the high profit and low penalty have attracted the organised traffickers on a very large scale. It has been revealed that within last thirty years over one million children and women have been trafficked out of the country. According to the human rights activist‘s estimation around 200 to 400 women and children are smuggled every month from Bangladesh, many of them travel to Gulf countries. Further, 10,000 to 15,000 are trafficked to India annually, most among them end up as prostitution. A large number of Bangladeshi women are involved in the brothels of Kolkata, Mumbai,

and Delhi. In the year 2010, 3,517 cases were registered under different acts of human trafficking by the Indian law enforcement agencies, and during 2010 nearly 2,554 cases were registered with the increase of 1.1 percent.[43] These women are mostly lured into travelling to India, sometimes illegally or with promises of well-paid jobs.

Implication of Security

Trafficking in human beings is also a grave violation of human rights, which mainly affects women and children. Therefore, it should not only be recognised as a crime against the state but as a crime against the individuals that pose a severe threat to human security. Human trafficking being an international problem poses a universal threat to human security. Trafficking undermines individuals as well as state because all seven elements of human security are threatened when the rights of individuals are violated through coercion and exploitation. Those discussed seven elements of human security established in the human development report are; personal, environmental, economic, political, community, health, and food.[44] Today almost after 70 years, we are still struggling to be free from fear, free from want, and free to live a life of dignity in our own community. In the context of human trafficking, interference with these freedoms is both its cause and its consequences. Today in our society trafficking in persons, especially women and children, for prostitution and forced labour is one of the greatest human rights challenges. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and forced labour violates the fundamental rights of trafficked persons to life, liberty, and the security of the person; freedom of movement and residence; freedom from torture or cruel inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; the rights to an adequate standard of living; and freedom from slavery in all its forms.[45]

Human Security

As the end of the Cold War accompanied in renewed attention and global efforts in addressing human trafficking, it was however, also a time for the scholars and policymakers to become increasingly aware of the many ways traditional approaches to security that had become insufficient for defining and addressing the many forms of insecurity that most people face on a daily basis. In 1990s, in both policy and academic circles around the world, consensus began to emerge the need to focus on the individual as the subject of security, challenging the state‘s claim to primacy as the referent object.[46] Therefore, as a result, the term ―human security‖ emerged particularly in the policy world as a major concept that can be compared and differentiated to the more traditional term ―national security‖, thereby the term human security was more broadened with the view that what constitutes a security issue, deepening the focus from nation-states to people, and recognising the existence of threats from within and outside of the state.[47]

Human trafficking is a form of organised crime against individuals, and it has direct consequences on those who are its victims. Today, more than 130 countries are affected by human trafficking. International agencies and scholars have identified most prominent social, political, economic, and human security impact s of human trafficking.[48] The impact of human trafficking can be seen in in all areas of victim‘s 13 life. In most of the cases, it has a long-term impact on both physical and mental aspects of the individual. At every stage of the process, it involves physical, sexual, and psychological abuse and violence, deprivation and torture, economic exploitation, exploitative working and living conditions and manipulation. Several studies have shown that the victims of human trafficking are at great risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections, which can spread and affect all of the population.[49] Moreover, trafficking of human beings is a serious violation of their human rights. Several violations occur at different stages of the trafficking cycle that include unassailable human rights such as the right to life, liberty, and security; the right to freedom of movement; and the right not to be subjected to torture and cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment or punishment. Despite the fact that they have crossed the international border illegally, trafficked people do enjoy human rights by the State. Human rights as a core component ensure the equal protection to all the victims of trafficking regardless of their nationality, gender, and the age of field of their work. All victims have equal rights to equal access to aid mechanisms, protection, and justice. In many situations, the trafficked person does not come forward to seek help willingly; it becomes State‘s responsibility to ensure that their fundamental human rights protect all victims. Therefore, policy responses must take into consideration the nature of trafficking and the victims should be satisfactorily compensated in terms of access to aid and justice.[50]

Within the framework of human security approach, the impact of human trafficking can be assessed beyond individual‘s victimisation to its greater social, political and health costs. These days trafficking challenges human security in all most every society, i.e. developed, developing, democratic and authoritarian. Trafficking is a threat not only to individuals but put the entire community at risk, because of their poor socioeconomic conditions. Human trafficking is a grave violation of human right to its victims; therefore, it has become a cause of human insecurity.[51] Trafficking in human beings is an international problem, and it poses a universal threat to human security. Moreover, human trafficking undermines the security of a State and any individuals as all seven elements of human security are threaten when it violates the rights of any individuals through coercion and exploitation. The seven elements of human security were underlined by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Human Development Report 1994; these are personal, environmental, economic, political, community, health and food.[52] This report provides a framework that removes victims of human trafficking from the categorisation of threats to State security and places them in the proper context of individuals in need of State protection.[53] Jennifer Lobasz argues that traditional security concerns have put trafficked victims out of the scenario. The traditional security approach does not take into account impact on human security on individual victims, and by focusing on trafficking issues as a security threat to the state; it abandons the trafficked persons for whom the state is legally responsible for protecting their human rights.[54] According to Clark, it is very important to include trafficking issues in the discussion of human security for several reasons.

First, as growing problem of trafficking has reached to a significant human rights crisis in countries of origin, transit, and destination. Second, the vulnerability of trafficking has reached a stage where the certain population are specifically at risk of being exploited.[55] Victims of human trafficking are often treated as criminals or illegal immigrants, and either they are arrested or deported. However, long-term consequences of human trafficking for any individuals are complex and depend on many factors, with no guarantee to recover from the situation.

Conclusion

Human trafficking is a profitable illegal business all over the world. It is not only a national problem but also a global problem. This problem is spreading at an alarming rate. It has become gradually a grave concern for human rights and security across the world. Over the past two decades the heinous crime of human trafficking has steadily gained recognition in recent decades as an issue of serious international challenge. However, yet the growing problem is increasingly acknowledged by global communities. There are still significant confusions within the law enforcers about its risks and how it should be dealt with. It should be noted down that trafficking in human beings poses a sever security implications on the state as well as on individuals and their family members. Beyond that, it is clear that human trafficking is direct threat to human security, it is rightfully referred to as modern-day slavery. The crime also denies hundreds of thousands of people their basic human rights, poses a serious public health risk, and fuels organised crime around the world. It is a dark and uncomfortable subject, but one that must be illuminated.[56] Hence, on urgent basis, it is required to be strictly addressed at its best. In India also, trafficking has become an international business and, unless stringent action is taken, is unlikely to slow down given the enormous potential profits for organised crime syndicates and independent traffickers. Both inter-state as well as trans-border human trafficking is widely operated. States located across international border are major transit point of human trafficking victims. For trafficking, people are mostly targeted from most disadvantaged and marginalised sections of the society. Trans-border trafficking is mostly operated in the Eastern part of the country from Bangladesh and Nepal. Human trafficking one of the organised crime is bunch of different crimes, in procedure to operate trafficking of human beings, traffickers breach several other laws. Trafficking is on other hand also associated with other criminal networks, it can be said that trafficking leads to other cross-border crimes. Numerous victims are being transported from Bangladesh to India the through porous international border and from India to other countries illegally. It has always been considered as only a form of organized crime and not as a national security issue. However, taking into account its gravity and potential threat to internal and external security, it has become very necessary to examine human trafficking from the national security perspective.

Moreover, there is an acute need for more data collection, research, and fact-based analysis of the issues. Despite the growing literature on trafficking, relatively few studies are based on extensive research on human trafficking is very limited, and the actual numbers of people trafficked remain very sketchy. One of the biggest knowledge gaps lies in the area of relevant data on the issue. In addition, more coordination is needed between national and international communities to combat this serious challenge.

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