Abstract

The meeting of the BRICS counter-terrorism working group took place on June 5 in Brasilia, where they discussed a new mechanism to deal with growing terrorism using new internet technologies. Brazil and Ethiopia are leading when it comes to imparting education related to counter terrorism. Recently, BRICS have condemned the Phalgam terror attack or terrorism in all forms, happened in Jammu and Kashmir, showcasing BRICS active role in keeping up with its goals or objectives. BRICS primarily comprises of eleven member states, including Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Saudi Arabia , Egypt , the UAE , Ethiopia , Indonesia, and Iran. The BRICS Counter Terrorism Working group is divided into five subgroups, each with its own agenda of activities and thematic areas like de-radicalisation, improper use of the internet for terrorist activities, terrorism financing, and capacity building for the combat of terrorism. BRICS plays a very significant role in the 21st century, fostering cooperation among member nations to combat terrorism and related threats. This paper highlights BRICS' role in counter terrorism, considering the growing menace of terrorism in India and other countries within the BRICS grouping. Considering this, the paper highlights initiatives taken by BRICS as a bloc to keep up with the cause to combat terrorism.

Keywords -BRICS, Terrorism, BRICS counter terrorism working group, UNSC.

Introduction

The 17th BRICS summit in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, condemned the terrorist attack which happened on April 22, 2025, in the Phalgam region, Jammu and Kashmir, which tells us the prominent role BRICS is playing to address one of the major setbacks for India. Besides, BRICS, with passing time, is coming as a platform to address concerns like terrorism on a global scale. In the commencing days, BRICS was more focused on trade than security dynamics. For instance, BRICS had increased their share of trade between 2001 to 2007 and 2015 to 2017.Other than this, BRICS as a bloc had greater affinity towards the economic and development domain but post the 2008 financial crisis, the grouping, tried to make a common stance towards international security issues. The path to address the issues were filled with challenges like one major roadblock was regarding the structural concern among the member countries of BRICS, as all of them were not having equal representation in the UNSC. The security aspect of the grouping called BRIC was nothing before the coming of South Africa into the Bloc. According to the UN charter, the member countries of the UNSC are responsible to maintain international peace and security. In that case, Russia and China are the only ones with power, even though the other three countries, like India, Brazil, and South Africa, are willing to contribute their part in international security, when it comes to, showcasing concrete commitments, such as placing troops and police contributions to the UN peacekeeping, and by engaging directly in conflict mediation. Additionally, the security aspect of BRIC was nothing before the coming of South Africa into the bloc. When we consider the objectives of BRICS nations one of the goal was to challenge the prominent institutions like the IMF and World bank, which got transformed to addressing concerns like terrorism at later stages. For BRICS, Terrorism in all its forms comes as a serious concern for international peace and security, and it stated that any act of terrorism by whomever, whatever, and wherever is a crime. The BRICS nations are of the opinion that terrorism in all its forms is a major threat to freedom, democracy, human rights, territorial integrity, and the security of states. Being the Chair of the BRICS, India was the country that hosted the very first meeting of the BRICS joint working group on counter terrorism. The concerned meeting was addressed by all the member nations of the BRICS bloc. The meeting discussed various issues pertaining to terrorism, which entailed domestic perspectives and the analysis of the threat scenario and the cooperation among the BRICS nations on information sharing, technology sharing, how to deal with online radicalisation, capacity building, and cooperation in forums like the United Nations and the Financial action task force.

Historical context

The BRICS nations comprise Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It comes across as an informal grouping which primarily comprises of emerging economies to increase their stature in the global domain. BRICS was established in the year 2009 to serve the needs of the developing countries, as International Institutions dominated by Western powers could not address the concerns of developing and underdeveloped nations. BRICS also had the objective to reform the existing international institutions like the IMF, and did coordination with the economic and diplomatic policies of its member nations for new financial institutions that can challenge the US dollar. The BRICS bloc comes as an alternative to major grouping like the G7, the World Bank, and the UNSC for the inclusion and addressing the needs of emerging world. Time and again, BRICS countries has showcased its criticism regarding the military intervention carried out by major powers like the US and Europe, as they consider it as a selfish motive for regime change. For instance, in the year 2000, when the concept of responsibility to protect came into force under the UN resolution 1674 to decide regarding the use of force for the UNSC member nations, which comes under Chapter seven of the UN charter, BRICS countries opposed the military intervention (Erthal, 2016). When we look into the Syrian case, there was no opposition to the Assad regime's crackdown on the protestors in Syria. To address these concerns at the global level, 17 summits happened till now, where the member countries discussed different prominent issues of concern, like counter terrorism, influencing the international community regarding the measures to tackle the concerns. The very First BRICS Summit took place in Yakateringburg, Russia, in the year 2009. In terms of the BRICS Summit 2009, it was considered the year of institutional innovation with respect to global governance. The first summit also showcased the onset of western economic crisis. Besides, India’s international status benefited from the first BRICS Summit. The third BRICS Summit, the Sanya Summit, was the first one to come up with BRICS after the inclusion of South Africa in the bloc. It was also for the first time that all the BRICS nations were represented in the UNSC. This tells us the emphasis given by declaration to international security. Other than this, more focus was shed on state sovereignty, political independence, and territorial integrity with respect to the Middle East and North African Region. The fourth BRICS summit happened in Delhi in 2012, the summit again stressed issues concerning security through the event ‘BRICS partnership for global stability, security, and prosperity. (Fourth BRICS Summit-Delhi Declaration, 2012).

The fifth BRICS Summit happened in Durban. In the BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the bloc further discussed the Syrian crisis. During the Arab League summit in Qatar, where the seat for Syria was not represented by the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad, but Moaz al-Khatib, Syrian membership was suspended. This was the time when Assad requested support from the BRICS bloc to protect Syria’s territorial integrity from the extremist group backed by the Western powers (Erthal, 2016). The BRICS bloc, in response, outrightly condemned the violation of human rights and international humanitarian law in Syria. Besides, the BRICS referred this case to the UN, expressing support for the Joint Communique of Geneva action groups to come up with an approach to resolve the Syrian crisis. They also requested to respect Syrian independence, territorial integrity, and soverignity. This was a targeted response to Western nations like the US and NATO, who has a record of carrying out unilateral interventions that can infringe the territorial integrity and sovereignty of countries like Syria. Russia also showed concern for the same, as the substitution of the Assad regime with the opposition would result in the weakening of Russia’s foothold in the region. Considering this, the Obama administration also tried to launch air strikes, which further escalated the rivalry between the global powers. The global rivalry was seen at a time when ISIS was expanding its influence in Iraq and Syria (Erthal, 2016).

The 6th BRICS happened in Fortaleza. In this concerned summit, the focus of the BRICS nations was on the spread of terrorism and extremism in Syria. It also encouraged Syrian parties to put an end to terrorist acts facilitated by Al Qaeda and its associated organisations. In this summit, there was talk of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan. Other than this, there was talk of terrorism in Iran as well. (Sixth BRICS Summit-fortaleza Declaration, 2014). In the summit that took place in Fortaleza, the focus was also on economic cooperation, basically the launch of the BRICS new development bank and the contingent reserve arrangement. Here, BRICS also discussed the political solution to be brought through dialogue and reconciliation. BRICS also tried to delink humanitarian issues from military intervention,as BRICS nations felt humanitarian issues were used many times by Western powers for regime change. BRICS nations also called for a complete ceasefire and unimpeded access for humanitarian organisations and agencies, which sits well with UN Security Council resolution 2139 (Erthal, 2016). Other than this, BRICS continued its support for other UN efforts in mediating the conflict, including the appointment of Staffan de Mitsura as UN special envoy to Syria to come with dialogue channels for Syrian groups. It was also in this declaration that the BRICS grouping emphasized the concern of terrorism. The focus on terrorism is not a new thing, considering India, Russia, and China list violent extremism as the main threat to their national security concerns. In 2016, India and China, despite their mutual concerns they decided to focus on terrorist issues at the bilateral level. Whereas Brazil and South Africa were aloof from debates surrounding terrorism due to pessimism around labelling terrorist and insurgent groups for political reasons. Some level of agreement among India, China, and Russia may be due to their good ties with the Syrian government and having their respective embassies in Damascus (Erthal, 2016).

The Ufa summit was the one to come up with a sub-ministerial meeting on security-related issues. Other than this, BRICS working groups and consultations was also seen in areas around cyber security, illicit trafficking, countering money laundering, and financing of terrorism. The growing diversification showcases BRICS deepening its security aspect of cooperation. The Goa summit further improved institutionalization of BRICS cooperation in security by coming up with the second meeting of BRICS Heads of Anti-Drug Agencies, the first BRICS working group on counter terrorism. The 2016 declaration tried to strengthen their cooperation to counter global threat at both the bilateral and multilateral level. At the multilateral level, BRICS showed agreement with UNSC resolutions, cooperation with international bodies like the of Financial action task force, and coming up with new conventions like the Comprehensive convention on international Terrorism in the United nation general Assembly. Other than condemnation of terrorism it entailed coming up with a cross-dimensional approach to deal with issues like radicalization, recruitment, and financing and issues around FATF. The declaration also considered Peacekeeping as the main issue concerning security. In the seventh BRICS Summit, the emphasis was given further on terrorism and extremism in the Syrian region. In the concerned summit, the BRICS nations called for strict implementation of all the provisions of United Nations Security Council resolutions 2170,2178, and 2199, specifically dealing with suppression of financing of terrorists (Erthal, 2016). Through the summit that happened in Ufa, the BRICS bloc praised Moscow's initiatives, which came up with two rounds of meeting in March and January 2015. This meeting came at that point of time when the Geneva II conference was not able to solve the crisis. This case also reflected the international community being tired of the UN-brokered process, and with the belief that the US and Russia being the needed partners for establishing peace and security for countries in crisis. Russia’s direct military intervention was seen just after the Ufa declaration. The intervention basically followed the Syrian government's request for assistance from Russia. In the month of February, Russia attacked Aleppo, adding to the outflow of refugees into neighbouring countries and other regions. Moscow’s effort was to combat the menace of terrorism in Syria. Meanwhile, India wanted BRICS to come up with a common stance against terrorism in the region. The BRICS meeting agenda showcases that the Syrian crisis has entered into the BRICS discussion at several points in time, from the head of state to the ministrial level (Erthal, 2016). India and China also backed Russia to combat terrorism, which is also their priority concerning national security.

In the 9th and 10th BRICS summits that happened in China and Johannesburg, we saw issues concerning security being discussed through a diverse lens. Additionally, the meeting of the BRICS MFA happened to further strengthen the engagement in the political and security arena. The meeting of the BRICS special envoy on MENA and the foreign policy dialogue. At the 11th BRICS summit, BRICS condemned terrorism in all its forms. BRICS also recognized the efforts made in the counter terrorism operation and the progress made in the fourth meeting of the BRICS counter terrorism working group, including the establishment of thematic sub working groups. In this summit, BRICS nations stressed addressing illicit financial flows and cooperating with the Financial action task force and Financial Action Task Force-style regional bodies (XI BRICS Summit Brasilia Declaration, 2019). In the 12th BRICS summit, the major focus was to support the Iraqi people in their fight against terrorism and extremism for the further economic recovery of the nation. In the summit, another major area of focus was Afghanistan. In the case of Afghanistan, BRICS nations called for an Afghan-led and Afghan owned peace process (XII BRICS Summit Moscow Declaration, 2020).

If we look into the 13th BRICS summit, the BRICS nations condemned terrorism in all its forms, wherever, whenever, and whomever committed. The BRICS nations vouched that they are committed to combating terrorism in all its forms, including cross-border terrorism, terrorist financing networks, and safe havens. BRICS nations emphasized contributing further in the global efforts to counter the threat of terrorism, keeping in mind international law, specifically the charter of the United Nations (XIII BRICS Summit: New Delhi Declaration, 2021). Additionally, they stressed a comprehensive and balanced approach to dealing with terrorist activities. There was also talk regarding the Comprehensive Convention on international terrorism and multilateral negotiations for an international convention to suppress biological and chemical terrorism. BRICS nations came up with the BRICS counter terrorism action plan, which further introduced the BRICS counter terrorism strategy adopted by national security advisors of the group, which had the objective to implement the BRICS counter terrorism strategy and define its action towards counter terrorism cooperation. In the 14th BRICS Summit, BRICS nations emphasized not using Afghan territory to threaten or attack any country, or for that matter, to shelter or train the terrorists, or finance terrorist acts, and focused on dealing with the concern of terrorism in Afghanistan. BRICS nations also stated to provide humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people and to protect the fundamental rights of the Afghan people. In this summit, they again stated condemnation of terrorist acts in all forms and further looked forward to strengthening counter terrorism cooperation (XIV BRICS Summit Beijing Declaration, 2022).

The BRICS countries affirm that terrorism in all its forms is one of the serious concerns to international peace and security, and that any act of terrorism performed by whoever, wherever, and with whatever purpose comes as a crime with no explanation. Considering this, in the 17th BRICS summit in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, the leaders condemned the terrorist attack that happened on April 22, 2025, in the Phalgam region, Jammu and Kashmir. The concern of terrorism was raised by Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the BRICS summit on International peace and security. The Prime Minister also appreciated the concerned BRICS members for their support in condemning the Gruesome Phalgam terrorist attack and for showcasing their solidarity with India. The Prime Minister thought that the concerned attack was a severe blow to the soil, identity, and dignity of the nation (Prime Minister participates in the 17th BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2025). He also insisted on zero tolerance for any act of terrorism and on imposing severe sanctions on terrorists. Besides, he was of the opinion that India should stay with dialogue and diplomacy to resolve the conflicts and ensure peace. He also stated that we can't take the victims and the supporters on the same scale.

After 30 days of meeting in Brasilia, the BRICS counterterrorism working group concluded that addressing the concerns of education and poverty is significant to deal with terrorism, which often exploits marginalized communities and vulnerable regions to sustain its operations. The working group is currently coordinated with the help of the Brazilian Intelligence agency under the Brazilian presidency of BRICS in the year 2025. The concerned group is also of the opinion that financing of terrorist organizations can come across as a threat to global peace and security, with an impact on social and economic stability. This calls for the need for preventive measures. When the delegations gathered in Brazil's capital, they shared diverse perspectives, experiences, and knowledge on terrorism and violent extremism. The Concerned discussion also explored the use of new technologies for recruitment, financing, and dissemination of information, and the role of such tools in violence and self-radicalisation. At the summit, BRICS members put forward their view on the African conflict. They stated they recognize the role of the African Union when it comes to conflict management, prevention, and resolution, and reiterated the African peace effort on the continent. There was also consideration to support African peace consideration, mediation efforts, peace process and the mediation efforts.

The BRICS countries not only condemned the attack on Iran but also terrorism in Syria as well. Additionally, the group stated that any attempt at a military strike against Iran would be a violation of International law and the UN Charter. The statements given by the group stressed the significance of nuclear safeguards to protect the people and, environment, showcased concern for any attack on civilian infrastructure, and to keep up with peaceful nuclear facilities abiding by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This was regarding the conflict between Israel and Iran that happened on June 13, where Israel launched airstrikes on Iranian military, nuclear, and civilian sites, killing around 935 people.

BRICS was of the opinion that Syria and Iran should move ahead with negotiations to achieve a permanent and unconditional ceasefire. Other than this, the leaders welcomed the activities of the BRICS counter terrorism group, its five-sub group based on the BRICS counter terrorism strategy and BRICS counter terrorism action (Rio de Janeiro Declaration- Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance, 2025). The foreign ministers looked forward to further enhancing the counter terrorism cooperation amongst BRICS nations. They called for the finalization of the Convention on international terrorism in the UN framework. The member states also had talks on renewing the protocol of the convention that bans the use of biological warfare. The protocol should also provide an effective verification mechanism to deal with the same. BRICS nations also welcomes the cease fire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan in the Karabakh region and calls for political efforts to establish peace there. The leaders of Brazil, China, Africa, India, and Russia came up with diplomatic and political efforts to further restore peace in the region. The BRICS nations also showcased a strong commitment to unity, independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Syrian Republic (Rio de Janeiro Declaration- Strengthening Global South Cooperation for a More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance, 2025)

The BRICS also stated that it will continue its work towards strengthening and reforming the international governance to make it more inclusive, representative, democratic, with more participation from the developing countries in the decision-making and better fit to deal with contemprory realities. The ministers recognized the progress towards the BRICS cooperation when it comes to countering terrorism through the BRICS Working Group on terrorism. The ministers supported the international cooperation to deal with illicit financial flows from all types of crimes within the realm of the Financial action task force and world Customs Organization. When we consider BRICS Summits, it has taken into consideration conflicts and hostilities across the world as well as issues like violent extremism, terrorism, and cybercrime. Considering different foreign and security priorities of the BRICS nation states, the group has found overlapping of interests on counterterrorism as terrorism comes as a serious threat to national, regional, and international security. The BRICS summit declaration stated that their notion of terrorism goes beyond the traditional and non-traditional security divide and takes into consideration the military and non-military dimensions of terrorism. The BRICS have showcased support to fight against major terror outfits like the Taliban, Islamic State, Al Qaida, the Haqqani network, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad, Tehrik- i-Taliban Pakistan, and Hizb ut-Tahrir which again shows its relevance.

Measures

BRICS is seen supporting the Financial Action task force (FATF) and other similar regional bodies. Besides, it has come up with the Comprehensive Convention on International terrorism at the United Nations. BRICS has also come up with an institutional mechanism to deal with terrorism, for instance, it came up with the BRICS council on Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of terrorism within the FATF. In the year 2020, it came up with a terrorism strategy that basically aims to foster cooperation between BRICS states. India has made a significant contribution within the framework of terrorism. For India, addressing the concern of terrorism has always been a foreign policy priority. During India’s leadership in 2016, the BRICS had expanded its definition of terrorism, now it entails violent extremism, radicalisation, terrorism recruitment, movement of terrorists, terror financing, and associated organised crimes like money laundering, drug trafficking, and the misuse of information and communication technology. Besides, the group adopted a comprehensive approach to counterterrorism post the Goa Declaration in 2016.Other than this, BRICS also came up with a working group on counterterrorism in the same year. BRICS considers that multilateral negotiations are the need of the hour when we consider the strategy to deal with the weapons of mass destruction terrorism nexus. At the 2020 summit, Prime Minister Modi stated that the international community needs to deal with the problem of terrorism in an organized manner.

BRICS as a group stated that combating terrorism and reforming some of the prominent institutions is the need of the hour. Democratic Decision making, representations at financial institutions, and at the global political level are important. Since the first summit, there was a lot of emphasis on how the UN and the UN charter help to deal with the concern of terrorism. In the year 2016, BRICS came up with counter terrorism working group (CTWG), a mechanism to identify regional and global issues and come up with a strategy to deal with the same.

CTWG was further divided into sub-working groups on terrorist financing, use of the internet for terrorist activities, countering radicalisation, use of foreign terrorist fighters, and capacity building. In 2015, the BRICS as a group came up with the BRICS council on Anti-Money Laundering and countering financing of terrorism. Additionally, the BRICS counter terrorism strategy document came up in the year 2020 (The future of BRICS, 2021). It aims to foster international and intra BRICS coordination in the realm of information and intelligence sharing, law enforcement and security, legal assistance, extradition, deradicalisation, and capacity building. BRICS member countries have agreed upon a framework for space technology to prevent an arms race in outer space. In the year 2021, the BRICS nations introduced a BRICS remote sensing satellite constellation for linking the satellites of each member country with a network for data sharing. On several occasion there was interest shown in the field of peacekeeping which was stated in 2018 declaration titled BRICS dialogue on peacekeeping. BRICS follows presidency in rotation in that case different regional issues gets represented according to the summit host country. Considering the progress, BRICS should focus on four key aspects, for instance, coming up with a result-oriented action plan to implement the BRICS counter terrorism strategy, discussing a legal framework for cooperation to combat terrorism and extremism, building consensus on terrorism relevant cybercrimes, and coming up with a global and regional terrorism activity tracker. BRICS should also look forward to build a data or resource pool on regional and global terrorism to collect information on individuals, groups, and organizations identified as terrorist actors.

India’s on BRICS Counter terrorism initiatives

• Besides India’s agreement with UN security council resolutions on terrorism, India has entered into associations like Joint working group on counter terrorism, Legal assistance treaties and Extradition treaties. India is keeping up with its counter terrorism objective or goal through various bodies like SAARC, BIMSTEC, BRICS, UN (Committee on Extrenal affairs, December 2024). The BRICS as a grouping will also help to address India’s core concern of Terrorism. It can also use this as a platform to address other issues of importance. Considering the global terrorist groups India should come up with group of experts to understand how to deal with new and emerging technologies, cyber related matter and financial technology innovation. Through BRICS India can address its concern regarding equal representation in institutions like IMF, World Bank and UN. Indias participation in BRICS also sits well with the idea of anti-colonialism or anti-imperialism or its objective of self-reliance. It can challenge the notion of western hegemony or euro centrism. If we go back to history, Ancient Thinkers like Kautliya stressed the need for a well trained and equipped army to ward off enemy attacks.He highlighted importance of Intelligence gathering and Espionage a key element of warfare.His approach has been effective in many instances like Surgical strike by India against Pakistan.

Criticism

BRICS different approach was seen in case of organisation like that of IBSA. Giving no consideration to IBSA may be due to the initiative being undertaken by a different organisation altogether. In addition to this, IBSA, instead of being part of the BRICS grouping, developed further into a larger bloc with its own objectives and agenda, which is different from that of BRICS. Not taking into consideration IBSA efforts also showcases that established global and regional organisations are more legitimate to deal with a crisis like that of Syria (Erthal, 2016). As the Bloc is represented by four different nations different countries can have different take on few issues like the case of military intervention where China and India were against the military intervention. On the other side Brazil and South Africa supported the military intervention. Other than these differences do exist on bilateral level between countries like India and China which can hamper the objective of the bloc. Tensions with the West can also hamper the relations within the bloc like between India and Russia. Today after Trump’s Presidency and his coming of 50% tariffs on Import of Indian goods for purchase of Russian oil can impact its relation with Russia in the long run and further can impact BRICS as a whole. Another criticism is how well the groupings formed by BRICS to address terrorism functioning in the present era with changing geopolitical tensions.

Conclusion

BRICS had its own security related milestones, for instance, regarding United Nations Security council reform, even though there was no universal consensus among BRICS nations still they were able to coordinate in the UNSC.BRICS, as a grouping, stressed counter terrorism in its 17 summits and has come up with body like the Comprehensive convention on international terrorism at the United Nations. Other than this, BRICS has come up with a counter-terrorism working group to deal with the concern of terrorism. With respect to the BRICS bloc, we have seen Russia, India, and China voicing their support in the Syrian case to combat terrorism, as terrorism is also an issue that can impact the national security of India. BRICS can also come up as a platform to address the issues surrounding terrorism, like the recent event of the Phalgam attack in India, where BRICS was used as a platform to bring the issue before the international community. Bringing the issue before the BRICS members can also allow the other BRICS members to give their view regarding the concern and to deal with the issue collectively rather than in individual terms. It can also help to get inputs regarding the kind of measures to be used to tackle the concern in time. BRICS can also be used as a platform to deal with the rise of terrorism in other BRICS nations, like South Africa. It can help to deal with the rise of the Islamic state in African regions. This can subsequently also help to deal with the concern of the rise of the Islamic State in India, as well, for instance, in Kerala, as the number of pro-IS cases reported in India is increasing day by day with passing time. Also a quarterly check on the function of BRICS On counter terrorism aspect can further boost its objective towards national security.

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